ARV Residues in Drinking Water May Be Harmless in the Short Term but Can Pose Long-Term Health Risks

A study by North-West University found significant concentrations of anti-retroviral (ARV) residues in South Africa's water sources, particularly downstream of wastewater treatment plants. Current wastewater treatment processes are inadequate for removing these bioactive compounds, underlining the need for technological advancements. While the presence of ARVs in drinking water may be "harmless," prolonged exposure could lead to antimicrobial resistance.

A recent study by North-West University has revealed significant concentrations of anti-retroviral (ARV) residues in South Africa's water sources, particularly downstream of wastewater treatment plants. The research, titled "Quantification, fate, and hazard assessment of HIV-ARVs in water resources," [NUMBER: 1] highlights the inadequacy of current wastewater treatment processes in removing these bioactive compounds. This finding underscores the urgent need for technological advancements to address the issue.

The study, conducted by the University of North West, found that traces of ARVs, particularly lopinavir and efavirenz, were present in substantial concentrations downstream of wastewater treatment facilities. These ARV residues are a byproduct of South Africa's expansive HIV treatment program, which is the largest of its kind worldwide. The presence of ARVs in water poses potential risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health.

The study also revealed that freshwater snails exposed to ARVs displayed altered embryonic development, and bacteriophages essential for regulating bacteria within wastewater systems were adversely affected. These disturbances raise concerns about potential increased bacterial blooms and deteriorating water quality.

While the presence of ARVs in drinking water is not immediately harmful, prolonged exposure could lead to antimicrobial resistance. The study's findings suggest that current wastewater treatment processes are insufficient for eliminating these bioactive compounds, prompting calls for technological advancements.

The comprehensive report presented to the Water Research Commission (WRC) outlines several key recommendations, including the establishment of regulatory guidelines governing ARV concentrations in water, investment in improved wastewater treatment technologies, and further research to explore the long-term ecological and health impacts of these pharmaceuticals.

The study underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that intertwines public health and environmental sustainability. The findings highlight the need for robust regulatory frameworks and advanced treatment technologies to mitigate the risks associated with ARV residues in water.

References:
[1] https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/water-and-sanitation-findings-traces-arvs-water-resources-and-drinking-water
[2] https://www.capetownetc.com/health/study-reveals-concerning-levels-of-antiretroviral-drugs-in-sas-water-sources/