Disciplina de asignación de capital de Warren Buffett: dominar la conservación de efectivo y la acumulación a largo plazo

Warren Buffett's investment philosophy has long been a blueprint for sustainable wealth creation. At its core lies a disciplined approach to capital allocation, emphasizing long-term cash preservation and the compounding effect. Through Berkshire Hathaway, Buffett has demonstrated how patience, selectivity, and a focus on economic moats can transform modest capital into a multibillion-dollar empire. Recent developments in Berkshire's third-quarter 2025 performance underscore the enduring relevance of these principles in an era of market volatility and shifting economic dynamics.

The 90/10 Rule: A Blueprint for Simplicity and Resilience

Buffett's 90/10 rule, articulated in his 2013 letter to shareholders, remains a cornerstone of his strategy for ordinary investors. This approach recommends allocating 90% of liquid assets to a low-cost S&P 500 index fund and 10% to short-term government bonds. By doing so, investors align themselves with the long-term growth trajectory of the U.S. economy while maintaining a liquidity buffer to weather market downturns. As Buffett noted, this strategy minimizes management fees and transaction costs, allowing compounding to work unimpeded over decades.

Capital Preservation: The First and Second Rules

Buffett's mantra-"Rule No. 1: Never lose money. Rule No. 2: Never forget Rule No. 1"-reflects his value-investing ethos. This principle prioritizes capital preservation by focusing on businesses with durable competitive advantages, predictable earnings, and strong balance sheets. For instance, Buffett's 1988 investment in Coca-Cola exemplifies this mindset, as the beverage giant's enduring brand and global distribution network provided a margin of safety against market fluctuations. By avoiding speculative bets and concentrating on high-quality assets, Buffett ensures that his portfolio is resilient to permanent capital loss.

Compounding: The Power of Time and Patience

Buffett's success is inextricably linked to his ability to harness compounding. He views stock ownership as a business, purchasing shares of exceptional companies and holding them indefinitely. This approach allows earnings to be reinvested repeatedly, amplifying returns over time. According to Forbes, Buffett and Charlie Munger emphasize minimizing transaction costs and taxes to maximize after-tax compounding. Their strategy of "letting winners run" and selling underperforming assets further optimizes long-term growth.

Berkshire's Recent Cash Management: Caution in a Dynamic Market

Berkshire Hathaway's third-quarter 2025 results highlight the company's disciplined cash management. Operating income surged 34% year-over-year to $13.5 billion, driven by improved insurance underwriting and robust performance from the BNSF railroad. Meanwhile, cash reserves reached a record $381.7 billion, reflecting a strategic decision to preserve liquidity amid economic uncertainty. Notably, Berkshire abstained from share repurchases for the fifth consecutive quarter, signaling a wait-and-see approach as Buffett and Munger seek attractively priced opportunities.

Strategic Deployment of Capital: Quality Over Quantity

Berkshire's cash hoard is not a sign of stagnation but a testament to its selective deployment strategy. As a report by Wellington-Altus states, Buffett has trimmed positions in overvalued stocks and prioritized capital preservation until compelling investments emerge. This discipline ensures that Berkshire's vast resources are allocated to businesses with long-term potential, avoiding the pitfalls of forced deployments in a weak market.

Conclusion: A Timeless Framework for Sustainable Growth

Warren Buffett's capital allocation principles-rooted in simplicity, preservation, and compounding-offer a compelling framework for investors navigating today's complex markets. By adhering to the 90/10 rule, prioritizing capital preservation, and exercising patience, Buffett has built a legacy that transcends market cycles. Berkshire's recent financial performance reaffirms the effectiveness of these strategies, proving that long-term thinking remains the bedrock of enduring wealth creation.