Tokenización: liberar liquidez al tiempo que se mitigan los riesgos de volatilidad

Tokenization has emerged as a transformative force in modern finance, offering unprecedented liquidity for traditionally illiquid assets while democratizing access to global capital markets. However, this innovation is not without its challenges. As tokenized assets gain traction, they also introduce new risks, particularly in retail markets, where speculative behavior and structural vulnerabilities can amplify volatility. This article examines the dual-edged nature of tokenization, analyzing its liquidity benefits and the systemic risks it poses, while proposing strategies to balance innovation with stability.

Liquidity Benefits: A New Era of Financial Accessibility

Tokenization has unlocked liquidity in asset classes historically constrained by high entry barriers and limited tradability. In real estate, for example, the tokenization of a luxury hotel in New York enabled fractional ownership starting at $1,000, transforming a traditionally illiquid asset into a globally tradable security. This approach not only broadens participation but also automates income distribution via smart contracts, reducing administrative costs and enhancing transparency.

Similarly, in private credit, tokenization has streamlined the issuance of debt instruments. Santander's $20 million blockchain-issued bond, completed in days rather than weeks, exemplifies how tokenization reduces friction in capital formation. By bypassing traditional intermediaries, tokenized debt instruments lower costs and expand access to global investor pools.

The macroeconomic impact is equally significant. By 2025, tokenized real-world assets (RWAs) reached $33 billion in value, with tokenized U.S. treasuries playing a foundational role in improving settlement efficiency. BlackRock's USD Institutional Digital Liquidity Fund (BUIDL), which attracted $500 million in capital, underscores the appeal of tokenization for institutional investors seeking real-time settlement and transparency.

Volatility Risks: Retail Market Instability and Systemic Vulnerabilities

While institutional adoption highlights tokenization's efficiency gains, retail markets face unique challenges. The accessibility of tokenized assets has led to speculative trading behaviors, particularly in high-growth sectors. For instance, the collapse of poorly designed token projects-such as the Terra ecosystem in 2022 and Axie Infinity's SLP token-exposed flaws in tokenomics, including misaligned incentives and lack of real-world utility. These failures eroded investor trust and triggered cascading losses in decentralized finance (DeFi) systems.

The October 2025 Bitcoin leverage liquidation event further illustrated systemic risks. A single day saw $19 billion in Bitcoin perpetual futures liquidated, with automated deleveraging exacerbating price declines. This crisis spilled over into tokenized asset markets, causing stablecoins like USDe to temporarily depeg and exposing vulnerabilities in liquidity infrastructure. Unlike traditional equity markets, crypto markets lacked mechanisms to moderate volatility, amplifying the impact on retail investors.

Retail investors, often less informed about the complexities of tokenized assets, are particularly vulnerable. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has highlighted risks such as counterparty exposure and unclear ownership rights in tokenized securities. For example, investors may mistakenly believe they own the underlying asset rather than a tokenized representation, leading to financial losses.

Balancing Innovation and Stability: Mitigation Strategies

To harness tokenization's benefits while mitigating risks, a multi-pronged approach is required. Regulatory clarity is critical. The U.S. GENIUS Act, which provided a framework for payment stablecoins, has already bolstered investor confidence. However, broader frameworks are needed to address leverage, stablecoin transparency, and cross-border risks.

Investor education is equally vital. Retail investors must understand the risks of leveraged products and speculative tokens. Platforms offering tokenized assets should implement pre-trade risk controls and mandatory disclosures. Additionally, hybrid market structures-combining blockchain efficiency with traditional safeguards-can enhance liquidity without sacrificing stability.

Technological solutions, such as AI-driven risk frameworks adopted by 72% of institutions in 2025, offer tools to monitor and mitigate volatility. These systems can identify early warning signs of market stress, enabling proactive interventions.

Conclusion: A Path Forward

Tokenization represents a paradigm shift in finance, unlocking liquidity and democratizing access to capital. However, its potential to amplify retail-driven volatility necessitates careful oversight. By combining regulatory innovation, investor education, and technological safeguards, market participants can balance the transformative benefits of tokenization with the imperative of stability. As the market evolves, the challenge will be to ensure that the promise of tokenization is realized without compromising the resilience of global financial systems.