El valor estratégico de la participación de Estados Unidos en el proceso de extracción de petróleo en Venezuela: ¿Un cambio significativo para los mercados energéticos?

Venezuela's oil sector, long a symbol of both promise and peril, has entered a new chapter following the 2026 removal of President Nicolás Maduro. With U.S. oil companies poised to re-enter the country's energy landscape, the question of whether this intervention could reshape global energy markets hinges on three critical factors: political stability, infrastructure investment, and the geopolitical calculus of oil supply.

Political and Regulatory Shifts: A Fragile Foundation

The U.S.-backed interim governance structure, led by Vice President Delcy Rodríguez, has introduced a veneer of stability, but deep-seated challenges persist. Hardline Chavista figures, including Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino López, remain influential, raising concerns about continuity in policy and resistance to foreign investment according to Al Jazeera. President Trump's pledge to "run the country until such time as we can do a safe, proper, and judicious transition" underscores the U.S. commitment to reshaping Venezuela's oil sector as reported by OilPrice. However, the military's entrenched patronage networks and historical resistance to external oversight suggest that political stabilization may take years, not months as HK Law notes.

Regulatory reforms are equally uncertain. While the Trump administration has authorized Chevron to expand operations and signaled openness to easing sanctions for other firms, Venezuela's legal framework for foreign investment remains untested. The absence of robust protections against expropriation-a legacy of Hugo Chávez's nationalizations-continues to deter large-scale commitments from ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips, which hold arbitration claims totaling $12 billion according to CNBC.

U.S. Oil Companies: A Calculated Re-Entry

Chevron, the only U.S. firm currently operating in Venezuela, is uniquely positioned to capitalize on the post-Maduro landscape. Producing 140,000–150,000 barrels per day under U.S. sanctions exemptions, Chevron's existing joint ventures with PDVSA provide a foundation for scaling up production as reported by Economic Times. Energy Secretary Christopher Wright has emphasized that Chevron's expansion could serve as a model for other firms, but analysts caution that restoring Venezuela's output to 1.3–1.4 million barrels per day-a target cited by J.P. Morgan-would require $183 billion in infrastructure investment over a decade according to JPMorgan.

For Exxon and ConocoPhillips, the calculus is more complex. Both companies exited Venezuela after asset seizures in 2007 and have yet to receive compensation for their claims. While Trump has called for U.S. firms to "spend billions of dollars" to rebuild Venezuela's infrastructure, these companies demand "serious guarantees" against future nationalizations before committing capital as Yahoo Finance reports. The Trump administration's conditional approach-linking sanctions relief to infrastructure investment-reflects a strategic prioritization of U.S. energy interests over immediate humanitarian or economic recovery according to Yahoo Finance.

Global Energy Market Implications: A Limited but Symbolic Impact

Venezuela's potential to disrupt global oil markets remains constrained by oversupply and geopolitical realities. Even a full restoration of production to 3.5 million barrels per day-a level last seen in the 1970s-would represent less than 1% of global demand, according to Morgan Stanley analysts as TD Securities notes. The U.S. shale boom and OPEC+ output adjustments have already saturated the market, diluting the impact of any Venezuelan resurgence.

However, the symbolic significance of U.S. control over Venezuela's oil flows cannot be overstated. By redirecting exports to U.S. Gulf Coast refineries, which are optimized for processing heavy crude, the Trump administration aims to reduce reliance on Middle Eastern and Russian oil as SSGA notes. This realignment could strengthen U.S. energy security but risks exacerbating tensions with China, which had previously secured discounted Venezuelan crude under the Maduro regime according to Columbia Energy Policy.

Feasibility and Strategic Value: A Long-Term Bet

The feasibility of U.S. involvement in Venezuela's oil recovery ultimately depends on three variables: political stability, infrastructure investment, and global demand. While the Trump administration has demonstrated a willingness to use military and economic leverage to secure access, the scale of required investment-$10 billion annually for infrastructure alone-poses a significant hurdle as OilPrice reports. Additionally, low global oil prices (currently below $50/barrel) reduce the financial incentive for private firms to commit capital according to NPR.

Yet the strategic value of Venezuela's 303 billion barrels of proven reserves cannot be ignored. For U.S. firms, the opportunity to recover expropriated assets and secure long-term supply chains may outweigh short-term risks. For the U.S. government, Venezuela represents a geopolitical counterweight to Chinese and Russian influence in Latin America-a goal that justifies the high-stakes gamble.

Conclusion: A Game Changer in Context

While U.S. involvement in Venezuela's oil sector is unlikely to trigger immediate price shocks or supply disruptions, its long-term strategic value is undeniable. By aligning Venezuela's energy assets with U.S. interests, the Trump administration aims to reshape global oil flows and weaken OPEC's influence. However, the success of this strategy hinges on resolving Venezuela's political instability and securing private investment-a challenge that will test both corporate resolve and geopolitical patience.

For investors, the key takeaway is clear: Venezuela's oil sector remains a high-risk, high-reward proposition. Those willing to navigate the complexities of regulatory uncertainty, infrastructure decay, and geopolitical volatility may find themselves positioned to benefit from one of the most transformative energy plays of the decade.