Venezuela después de Maduro: Puntos estratégicos para los inversores en energía en el sector petrolero que se está reconstruyendo

The political upheaval in Venezuela following the U.S.-led removal of Nicolás Maduro has created a pivotal moment for the country's energy sector. With the Trump administration emphasizing U.S. dominance over Venezuela's vast oil reserves and infrastructure, investors now face a complex but potentially lucrative landscape. This analysis outlines strategic entry points for oil and infrastructure investors, drawing on geopolitical shifts, projected production rebounds, and regional capital flows.

Geopolitical Shifts and U.S. Influence

The U.S. military operation to depose Maduro has reshaped Venezuela's energy sector into a focal point of global geopolitical strategy. President Trump has explicitly stated that U.S. oil companies must invest up to $100 billion to rebuild Venezuela's oil infrastructure, aiming to restore production to historical levels of 3.5 million barrels per day. This aligns with broader U.S. goals to reinforce the petrodollar's dominance and counter Chinese and Russian influence in Latin America. Interim President Delcy Rodríguez, while condemning the U.S. intervention as "aggression," has signaled openness to foreign investment, creating a window for U.S. firms to secure partnerships with Venezuela's state oil company, PDVSA.

However, the path to recovery is fraught with challenges. Venezuela's oil infrastructure, already crippled by decades of mismanagement and sanctions, requires years of sustained investment. The Trump administration's insistence on U.S.-exclusive partnerships may limit international collaboration, slowing progress.

Projected Oil Production Rebounds and Investment Needs

Venezuela's oil production, currently at 800,000 bpd, could rise to 1.3–1.4 million bpd within two years if major firms return and infrastructure is repaired. JPMorgan estimates that achieving 2.5 million bpd over a decade would require $10–20 billion in initial capital. Chevron, the only major U.S. firm still operating in Venezuela, is uniquely positioned to scale up production quickly, leveraging its existing operations and Gulf Coast refineries optimized for Venezuela's heavy crude.

Yet, the economic viability of such investments remains uncertain. Global oil prices below $60 per barrel and the high costs of producing heavy crude-requiring diluents and advanced refining- pose significant hurdles. Additionally, vulture funds seeking repayment for expropriated assets, such as ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil, could complicate long-term partnerships.

Regional Partnerships and LNG Opportunities

Venezuela's energy revival could extend beyond oil to natural gas and regional infrastructure. The country's 6,300 billion cubic meters of natural gas reserves present opportunities to supply neighboring markets like Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago. Reactivating the Trans-Caribbean pipeline could offset 2.5–3 billion cubic meters (bcm) of Colombia's LNG imports annually, while the Dragon field, in partnership with U.S. firms, could boost Trinidad and Tobago's LNG exports by 6–10 bcm/year.

Regional capital flows are also shifting. The Trump administration has prioritized U.S. companies for these projects, but Brazil and Colombia may emerge as key partners in electricity grid modernization and cross-border energy trade. However, political stability and favorable fiscal terms will be critical to attracting sustained investment.

Strategic Entry Points for Investors

For investors, three key areas present opportunities:
1. Oil Infrastructure Rehabilitation: U.S. firms with expertise in heavy crude production and refining, such as Chevron, are best positioned to lead initial recovery efforts. Partnerships with PDVSA could secure long-term contracts, though legal uncertainties persist.
2. Natural Gas and LNG Projects: Offshore fields like Perla and Cardon IV offer high-potential ventures for U.S. and regional players. These projects align with global LNG demand trends and could benefit from U.S. sanctions relief.
3. Electricity Grid Modernization: Improving Venezuela's energy reliability is essential for sustaining oil production. U.S. and European firms with grid infrastructure expertise may find opportunities in this sector.

Risks and Considerations

Investors must navigate significant risks, including political instability, U.S. sanctions, and technical challenges in producing heavy crude. The Trump administration's aggressive stance on U.S.-exclusive partnerships may also limit international collaboration. Additionally, Venezuela's oil debt and expropriation claims could lead to protracted legal battles.

Conclusion

Post-Maduro Venezuela represents a high-risk, high-reward opportunity for energy investors. While the U.S. has laid the groundwork for a potential oil and gas boom, success will depend on sustained political stability, favorable fiscal terms, and global oil price dynamics. For those willing to navigate the complexities, Venezuela's energy sector offers a unique chance to capitalize on one of the world's largest hydrocarbon reserves.