Las compañías petroleras estadounidenses y el panorama en Venezuela después de Maduro: Cómo enfrentar la volatilidad y los potenciales a largo plazo

The removal of Nicolás Maduro from power in 2025 has reignited global interest in Venezuela's oil sector, a country that holds the world's largest proven oil reserves at 303 billion barrels. For U.S. oil companies, the geopolitical shift presents a dual-edged opportunity: immediate stock volatility tied to short-term market reactions and a long-term vision for infrastructure recovery and geopolitical influence. However, the path forward remains fraught with challenges, including political instability, unresolved debts, and the economic realities of a saturated global oil market.

Near-Term Stock Volatility: Market Reactions and Strategic Hesitation

The U.S. military's capture of Maduro and President Donald Trump's pledge to involve American energy firms in Venezuela's oil sector triggered a sharp, albeit temporary, rise in energy stocks. According to a report by , Chevron and Valero Energy saw gains as investors speculated on potential access to Venezuela's vast reserves. Similarly, the Trump administration's announcement of U.S.-controlled accounts to manage Venezuela's oil sales added a layer of perceived stability, prompting short-term optimism.

Yet, this optimism is tempered by caution. U.S. Energy Secretary Christopher Wright acknowledged that while Chevron could expand operations quickly, companies like ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips are likely to evaluate opportunities methodically. Analysts warn that geopolitical uncertainties-such as the U.S. State Department's "do not travel" advisory for Venezuela- could dampen investor enthusiasm. Furthermore, the global oil glut, with prices hovering near $60 per barrel, complicates the economics of new investments, as Venezuela's projects typically require breakeven prices closer to $80.

Long-Term Opportunities: Infrastructure Recovery and Geopolitical Leverage

Restoring Venezuela's oil infrastructure to its historical peak of 3.5 million barrels per day would require approximately $100 billion in investment over a decade. This scale of capital expenditure aligns with Trump's vision of U.S. firms "fixing the badly broken oil infrastructure" and "making money for the country" according to energy policy analysis. Chevron, already operating 23% of Venezuela's current output through joint ventures with PDVSA, is positioned to lead this effort. However, the company has emphasized its focus on employee safety and asset integrity, signaling a measured approach.

The geopolitical stakes are equally significant. Venezuela's new acting president, Delcy Rodríguez, has called for U.S. cooperation while asserting that the country will not become "anyone's colony". This tension underscores the need for U.S. companies to balance economic interests with diplomatic sensitivity. Meanwhile, the lifting of selective U.S. sanctions to facilitate oil exports could enhance Venezuela's role in global markets, though political stability remains a prerequisite for sustained investment.

Challenges: Debt, Corruption, and Market Realities

Decades of mismanagement and U.S. sanctions have left Venezuela indebted to Chevron, ConocoPhillips, and ExxonMobil for billions in expropriated assets. Resolving these claims will be critical for foreign firms to re-enter the market. Additionally, Rystad Energy estimates that restoring 1990s-era production levels would cost $183 billion and take over a decade, a timeline that clashes with the urgency of modern energy transitions.

Security risks further complicate the equation. The U.S. State Department's travel advisory highlights persistent threats of kidnapping and crime, deterring immediate large-scale operations. For now, U.S. companies appear to be adopting a wait-and-see approach, prioritizing clarity on Venezuela's legal and political landscape.

Conclusion: A Calculated Path Forward

For investors, the Venezuela opportunity hinges on balancing short-term volatility with long-term potential. While near-term stock gains reflect optimism about U.S. involvement, the reality of infrastructure recovery, geopolitical risks, and oil market dynamics suggests a cautious, phased strategy. U.S. oil companies must navigate a complex web of debt, security, and political stability to unlock Venezuela's vast reserves. As one analyst notes, "The key will be aligning Venezuela's needs with the strategic priorities of American firms without overcommitting in a high-risk environment." For now, the path forward remains as much about patience as it is about profit.