Navegando por la recuperación en forma de “K”: Estrategias de rotación de sectores en un mercado laboral diverso

The U.S. labor market in late 2025 has become a textbook example of a "K-shaped" recovery, where growth is unevenly distributed across sectors and firm sizes. While private nonfarm payrolls added 37,000 jobs in December 2025, the underlying data reveals a stark divergence: healthcare and leisure/hospitality sectors surged, while retail and construction faltered. For investors, this divergence demands a recalibration of sector rotation strategies, prioritizing resilience in high-growth areas and hedging against vulnerabilities in struggling industries.

The Employment Data Divergence: A Sectoral Breakdown

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and ADP data underscore a fragmented labor market. Healthcare and social assistance added 38,500 jobs in December 2025, driven by hospitals (+16,300) and ambulatory care services (+4,600). Similarly, leisure and hospitality—particularly food services—grew by 47,000 jobs, reflecting pent-up demand for in-person experiences. These sectors now represent 12% of total private-sector employment, a 1.5% increase from mid-2024.

Conversely, retail trade lost 25,000 jobs in December, marking a 4.2% decline in its workforce since 2024. The goods-producing sector, including construction and manufacturing, saw a net loss of 21,000 jobs, with specialty trade contractors and machinery manufacturing bearing the brunt. Meanwhile, medium-sized firms (50–499 employees) accounted for 34,000 of December's private-sector gains, while small businesses (1–19 employees) added just 9,000 jobs—a sign of structural fragility.

Sector Rotation: Aligning Portfolios with Labor Market Signals

The divergence in employment trends offers a roadmap for sector rotation. Investors should overweight sectors with strong labor demand and underweight those facing structural headwinds.

1. Healthcare and Education Services:
   The healthcare sector's 21,000 job gains in December 2025, coupled with a 3.8% year-over-year increase in average hourly earnings, signal sustained demand. Companies like UnitedHealth Group (UNH) and Cigna (CI) have seen their valuations expand, with the S&P 500 Healthcare Sector Index trading at a 23.1 forward P/E in October 2025. Education services, including private educational institutions and training providers, added 2,100 jobs, suggesting long-term tailwinds from workforce upskilling.

2. Leisure and Hospitality:
   The 47,000 job increase in leisure and hospitality—led by food services—reflects a shift toward experiential spending. Restaurants and entertainment venues, such as those in the S&P 500 Consumer Discretionary Sector, have outperformed broader markets. Investors should consider exposure to companies like McDonald's (MCD) and Live Nation (LYV), which benefit from rising consumer confidence.

3. Retail and Goods-Producing Sectors:
   Retail's 25,000 job loss in December 2025 highlights its vulnerability to e-commerce and shifting consumer behavior. The S&P Retail Select Sector Index has underperformed by 12% year-to-date in 2025, while construction and manufacturing firms face margin pressures from input costs. Defensive positioning or short-term hedging in these sectors may be prudent.

The K-Shaped Recovery and Small-Cap Dynamics

The labor market's divergence extends to firm size. Large corporations (500+ employees) added 2,000 jobs in December 2025, while small businesses added only 9,000. This imbalance has amplified the underperformance of small-cap stocks, with the Russell 2000 trading at a 10% discount to the S&P 500 as of October 2025. However, small-cap fundamentals remain mixed: while some firms in healthcare and tech show strong ROA (0.9%), others in manufacturing and retail struggle with negative returns.

Investors should adopt a quality-focused approach to small-cap exposure, prioritizing companies with robust balance sheets and exposure to resilient sectors. For example, regional healthcare providers and niche tech firms with recurring revenue models may outperform in a low-growth environment.

Policy Implications and the Fed's Dilemma

The Federal Reserve faces a policy tightrope: addressing wage inflation from large-firm-driven job gains while avoiding a small-firm-led slowdown. With average hourly earnings rising 4.0% annually, the Fed may maintain restrictive rates, which could exacerbate challenges for small businesses. Investors should monitor the Fed's stance on labor market data and consider sector-specific hedging strategies, such as shorting cyclical sectors (e.g., construction) or buying long-dated puts on the Russell 2000.

Conclusion: A Strategic Pivot in a Fragmented Market

The U.S. labor market's divergence demands a nuanced sector rotation strategy. By aligning portfolios with high-growth sectors like healthcare and leisure/hospitality, while hedging against retail and construction, investors can capitalize on the K-shaped recovery. For small-cap exposure, a quality-driven, sector-specific approach is essential. As the Fed navigates its policy challenges, agility and data-driven decision-making will be key to outperforming in this asymmetric economic landscape.