Mpox: Understanding the Virus, Its Spread, and Treatment Options

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, has recently gained global attention due to an upsurge in cases, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and neighboring countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. As the virus continues to spread, it is essential to understand its transmission, symptoms, and available treatment options.



What is Mpox?

Mpox is a viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus, an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family. The virus has two distinct clades: clade I (with subclades Ia and Ib) and clade II (with subclades IIa and IIb). The current outbreak is primarily caused by clade I mpox, with a new strain, clade Ib, recently identified in eastern DRC.

How does Mpox spread?

Mpox spreads mainly through close contact with someone who has the virus, including members of a household. Close contact includes skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, and face-to-face contact with an infected individual. In some cases, the virus can also be transmitted through contaminated materials or infected animals. The new strain, clade Ib, is spreading through intimate and adult sexual contact between different demographics, including heterosexual spread with sex trade workers.

What are the symptoms of Mpox?

Common symptoms of mpox include a skin rash or mucosal lesions, fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, low energy, and swollen lymph nodes. The rash typically lasts 2-4 weeks and can be accompanied by other symptoms such as sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and pain or difficulty when peeing or swallowing.

How is Mpox treated?

Mpox is treated with supportive care for symptoms such as pain and fever, with close attention to nutrition, hydration, skin care, prevention of secondary infections, and treatment of co-infections, including HIV where present. There are vaccines available for mpox, such as the JYNNEOS vaccine, which is expected to protect against both clades and all subclades of mpox. However, the effectiveness of the vaccine may vary depending on the clade and subclade, as well as the individual's immune response.



In conclusion, understanding the transmission, symptoms, and treatment options for mpox is crucial for controlling the spread of the virus and ensuring the well-being of affected individuals. As the situation evolves, it is essential to stay informed and follow the guidance provided by public health authorities.