La gran abundancia de petróleo: por qué ahora es el momento de contrarrestar el riesgo al bajar de los precios de los activos energéticos

The global oil market is at a critical inflection point. As 2025 draws to a close, a confluence of rising supply, surging inventories, and waning demand signals an impending oversupply that threatens to erode energy asset valuations. For investors, the imperative to hedge downside risk has never been clearer.

Market Imbalances: A Perfect Storm of Supply and Demand

Global oil supply is projected to expand by 3.1 million barrels per day (mb/d) in 2025, reaching an average of 106.3 mb/d, with an additional 2.5 mb/d expected in 2026 according to IEA data. This surge is driven by both OPEC+ and non-OPEC+ producers. OPEC+ members, including Saudi Arabia and Iraq, have systematically increased output, with the OPEC Big 4 (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, and Kuwait) raising production from 18,346 kb/d in April 2025 to 20,014 kb/d by October 2025. Meanwhile, U.S. crude oil production is forecast to average 13.6 mb/d in 2025 and 2026, reflecting a 100,000-b/d upward revision from earlier projections.

This synchronized production ramp-up is occurring against a backdrop of stagnant demand growth. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) anticipates that global oil inventories will continue to rise through 2026, with Brent crude prices expected to fall to $55 per barrel in Q1 2026 and remain near that level for the rest of the year. Such dynamics underscore a market increasingly tilted toward oversupply, with prices likely to remain under pressure for the foreseeable future.

Inventory Dynamics: A Barometer of Weakness

Global oil inventories have surged to alarming levels, with a 77.7 million-barrel increase in September 2025 alone-the highest since July 2021 according to IEA data. This trend reflects a structural imbalance between production and consumption, exacerbated by seasonal demand patterns and refinery maintenance cycles. OPEC's November 2025 production hike of 160,000 b/d, while ostensibly aimed at meeting winter demand, risks further inflating inventories and accelerating price declines.

The EIA's Short-Term Energy Outlook reinforces this narrative, warning that persistently high inventories will weigh on prices through 2026. For energy producers, this environment poses a dual threat: lower realized prices and reduced cash flow, which could strain balance sheets and trigger production cuts in the medium term.

Hedging Strategies: Mitigating Exposure in a Volatile Market

As the oil glut intensifies, energy producers and investors must adopt robust hedging strategies to safeguard against downside risk. Fixed price swaps, collars, and three-way collars have emerged as critical tools for locking in prices and reducing exposure to volatility. While most North American production remains unhedged, some producers have hedged over 50% of their fourth-quarter output, particularly those constrained by credit facility covenants according to Evaluate Energy.

The surge in hedging activity in early 2025-spurred by geopolitical events such as Israel's strike on Iran-demonstrates the efficacy of these instruments. Producers secured prices above $65 per barrel, a threshold critical for maintaining profitability in a low-price environment. However, hedge funds have recently reduced their positions in Brent crude, signaling skepticism about near-term price rebounds. This shift highlights the importance of dynamic hedging strategies that adapt to evolving market sentiment.

For investors, the focus should extend beyond crude oil to refined products. Hedge funds maintaining bullish positions in European gasoil, for instance, capitalize on constrained refining capacity and elevated diesel prices. Diversifying hedging portfolios to include such assets can provide additional layers of protection.

Conclusion: A Call to Action

The oil market's trajectory is unmistakable: rising inventories, expanding supply, and subdued demand are converging to create a perfect storm. For energy investors, the time to act is now. Hedging strategies-whether through financial instruments or strategic market positioning-offer a lifeline in an increasingly uncertain landscape. As the EIA and IEA warnings crystallize into reality, proactive risk management will separate resilient portfolios from those left vulnerable to the looming glut.