Los Riesgos y Oportunidades Geopolíticas en el Ecosistema de Criptomonedas Ilícitas de 2025

The year 2025 marked a pivotal shift in the global financial landscape as nation-states increasingly institutionalized cryptocurrency as core financial infrastructure. While this trend has unlocked new opportunities for innovation and economic resilience, it has also amplified geopolitical risks tied to the illicit use of digital assets. From sanctioned regimes leveraging stablecoins to evade sanctions to emerging markets grappling with cybercrime, the intersection of crypto adoption and illicit activity has become a defining feature of the post-pandemic era.

The Institutionalization of Crypto: A Double-Edged Sword

The United States and European Union have led the charge in legitimizing digital assets through regulatory frameworks. The U.S. passed the GENIUS Act in July 2025, establishing clear rules for stablecoin issuers and mandating that stablecoins be backed by high-quality liquid assets. This legislation not only provided a domestic benchmark but also influenced global stablecoin policy, as seen in the EU's Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation according to regulatory analysis. These frameworks have enabled institutions to treat Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) as balance sheet assets, with the creation of Digital Asset Treasuries and Spot Bitcoin ETFs as institutional adoption grows.

However, the same infrastructure that facilitates institutional adoption also creates pathways for illicit actors. For instance, Russia's A7A5 ruble-backed token, launched in February 2025, processed over $93 billion in transactions, enabling the country to circumvent Western financial sanctions. Similarly, North Korea's cyber-enabled thefts surged to $2 billion in 2025, with DPRK-linked hackers exploiting vulnerabilities in centralized exchanges like Bybit. These cases underscore how state-sponsored crypto initiatives can blur the line between economic innovation and geopolitical subterfuge.

Regulatory Hubs and the Fight Against Illicit Flows

In Asia and the Middle East, Singapore and Dubai have emerged as regulatory leaders. Singapore's Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) enforced stringent Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) protocols, requiring virtual asset transfers above SGD 1,500 to comply with the FATF Travel Rule. Dubai's Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (VARA) mirrored this approach, granting full-scope licenses to firms like BitGo while enforcing AML/CTF standards. These frameworks have reduced illicit activity among regulated Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs), which now account for less than 0.1% of global crypto crime.

Yet, the same cannot be said for regions with weaker oversight. In Africa, the Central African Republic adopted opaque crypto initiatives that exposed state assets to exploitation by foreign criminal networks. Meanwhile, Chinese money laundering networks (CMLNs) dominated the illicit on-chain ecosystem, offering "laundering-as-a-service" to sanctioned entities and cybercriminals. The result? Stablecoins, which accounted for 84% of illicit transactions in 2025, became the preferred vehicle for cross-border evasion, particularly in jurisdictions facing hyperinflation or sanctions.

Geopolitical Risks: A New Frontier of Financial Warfare

The institutionalization of crypto has transformed financial warfare. Russia's A7A5 token, for example, allowed the country to bypass traditional banking systems, while Iran's networks laundered $2 billion for covert oil exports and arms deals. North Korea's industrial-scale attacks on centralized exchanges-such as the $1.5 billion Bybit exploit-highlighted the vulnerability of even well-regulated markets to state-sponsored cybercrime.

These developments have forced regulators to adopt a global perspective. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and Financial Stability Board (FSB) emphasized cross-border coordination to prevent regulatory arbitrage. However, the rise of decentralized infrastructure and state-backed tokens complicates enforcement, as illicit actors increasingly exploit jurisdictional gray areas.

Opportunities in the Shadow Economy

Despite the risks, the illicit crypto ecosystem presents unique investment opportunities. For instance, compliant VASPs and AML technology firms have seen demand surge as regulators prioritize transparency. In 2025, the Beacon Network-a real-time information-sharing platform for VASPs- emerged as a critical tool for tracking illicit flows. Similarly, blockchain analytics firms like Chainalysis and TRM Labs expanded their offerings to help governments and institutions detect sanctions evasion.

Emerging markets also offer potential. In Latin America, Brazil and Argentina leveraged stablecoins for remittances and inflation hedging, with stablecoins accounting for 90% of Brazil's crypto transactions. While these markets face challenges with cybercrime, their adoption of crypto infrastructure signals long-term growth in financial inclusion.

Conclusion: Navigating the New Normal

The institutionalization of cryptocurrency has redefined the geopolitical landscape. While regulatory frameworks in the U.S., EU, and Asia have mitigated some risks, the rise of state-backed tokens and decentralized infrastructure has created new vulnerabilities. For investors, the key lies in balancing exposure to innovation with due diligence on geopolitical and regulatory shifts. As 2025 demonstrated, the line between financial progress and illicit activity is increasingly thin-and those who navigate it wisely will reap the rewards.