Riesgos geopolíticos frente al exceso de suministro mundial: evaluación de los factores que pueden influir en el mercado petrolero a corto plazo en 2026

The 2026 oil market stands at a crossroads, where the tension between geopolitical volatility and a persistent global supply surplus creates a complex landscape for investors. While structural imbalances suggest a bearish bias, strategic positioning must account for near-term catalysts that could amplify short-term price swings. This analysis examines how shifting dynamics in Venezuela, OPEC+, and global inventories are reshaping risk profiles, offering actionable insights for navigating the year ahead.

Venezuela: A Flashpoint of Uncertainty

The U.S. military operation that removed Nicolás Maduro from power in early 2026 has introduced acute uncertainty into Venezuela's oil sector. With the U.S. asserting control over key infrastructure and imposing sanctions that restrict exports, PDVSA's production has plummeted to under 1 million barrels per day, a fraction of its historical output. While some analysts argue that these disruptions could be absorbed by the global market-given existing oversupply-others warn of secondary risks. For instance, China's reliance on discounted Venezuelan crude has been disrupted, forcing refiners to seek alternative, more expensive sources. This shift could indirectly tighten regional supply chains, particularly in Asia, where demand remains resilient.

The political instability also raises questions about the durability of U.S. military involvement. If a stable government emerges, production could rebound, but the immediate outlook remains clouded by logistical bottlenecks and legal challenges. Investors must weigh these risks against broader market fundamentals, as Venezuela's relatively small output (compared to OPEC+ giants) limits its ability to drive sustained price spikes.

Global Supply Surplus: The Dominant Fundamental

Despite geopolitical headwinds, the global oil market remains anchored by a structural surplus. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts an average inventory build of 2.6 million barrels per day in Q4 2025, with elevated levels expected to persist into 2026. Similarly, the International Energy Agency (IEA) revised its surplus projection to 3.84 million barrels per day for 2026, underscoring the dominance of supply-side pressures. This surplus is fueled by robust production from non-OPEC nations, including the U.S., Brazil, and Guyana, as well as OPEC+'s gradual return to full output.

The surplus has muted the market's response to geopolitical events. For example, while the Russia-Ukraine conflict initially raised concerns about supply disruptions, ample global inventories ensured a muted price reaction. Similarly, Venezuela's political turmoil, though disruptive in the short term, has not been sufficient to offset the broader bearish trend. As a result, Brent crude is projected to average $52 per barrel in 2026, with potential dips to $50 if economic slowdowns materialize.

Historical Context: Geopolitical Events in a Surplus Environment

The interplay between geopolitical risks and supply surpluses in Q3 2025–Q1 2026 offers instructive parallels. Sanctions on Venezuela and Russia, coupled with Ukrainian drone attacks on Russian refineries, initially provided upward pressure on crude prices. However, these spikes were short-lived, as the market quickly recalibrated to the reality of a 3-million-barrel-per-day surplus. This historical pattern suggests that while geopolitical events can generate volatility, they are unlikely to sustain price trends in a structurally oversupplied market.

Strategic Positioning for Near-Term Volatility

Given these dynamics, investors should adopt a dual strategy: hedging against short-term geopolitical shocks while capitalizing on the long-term bearish outlook. Key considerations include:

1. Diversification Across Geopolitical Plays: Positions in regions less exposed to U.S. sanctions, such as West African producers or emerging OPEC+ members, could offer asymmetric upside if geopolitical tensions escalate elsewhere.
2. Short-Term Hedging: Options or futures contracts could mitigate risks from sudden supply shocks, particularly in volatile regions like the Red Sea or the Gulf of Mexico.
3. Focus on Cost-Efficient Producers: With margins tightening due to the surplus, high-cost producers (e.g., Canadian oil sands, U.S. shale) may face operational delays, creating opportunities for more efficient operators.
4. Monitoring OPEC+ Policy Shifts: While OPEC+ has maintained production discipline, any coordinated cuts could temporarily alleviate surplus pressures and stabilize prices.

Conclusion

The 2026 oil market is defined by a fragile equilibrium between geopolitical risks and a global supply glut. While Venezuela's instability and regional tensions introduce near-term volatility, the overarching surplus ensures that prices remain range-bound. Strategic investors must balance exposure to short-term catalysts with a long-term view of structural oversupply. By leveraging hedging mechanisms, diversifying geographic exposure, and closely monitoring OPEC+ dynamics, market participants can navigate this complex environment with resilience.