Inestabilidad geopolítica y volatilidad del mercado petrolero en Venezuela después de Maduro: Una perspectiva de inversión a largo plazo

The political transition in Venezuela following the removal of Nicolás Maduro in late 2025 has sparked renewed interest in the country's energy sector, long constrained by sanctions, underinvestment, and geopolitical tensions. While Venezuela holds the world's largest proven oil reserves-approximately 303 billion barrels-its current production of 800,000 to 900,000 barrels per day represents just 1% of global crude output, a stark decline from its historical peak of 3.45 million barrels in the late 1990s. For long-term investors, the post-Maduro era presents a complex interplay of risks and opportunities, shaped by infrastructure needs, policy reforms, and shifting international alliances.

The Path to Recovery: Infrastructure and Investment Challenges

Venezuela's oil sector requires a monumental capital infusion to restore production to its full potential. Analysts estimate that over $100 billion in investment will be necessary to address decades of underinvestment, aging infrastructure, and operational inefficiencies. Immediate gains are possible if sanctions are lifted, with production potentially rising by 150,000 barrels per day within months. However, reaching 2.5 million barrels per day-a level last seen in the 1990s-could take a decade, contingent on sustained investment and policy stability.

The U.S. has signaled a strategic interest in revitalizing Venezuela's oil infrastructure, with President Trump asserting that American oil majors could rebuild the sector within 18 months. This ambition aligns with broader efforts to counter Chinese influence, which has dominated Venezuela's energy landscape for years. For instance, Chinese state-owned firms like China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec remain active, while private entities such as China Concord Resources Corp plan to invest $1 billion in oilfields by 2026. However, U.S. sanctions have disrupted these partnerships, limiting Venezuela's ability to repay $10–12 billion in Chinese debt tied to oil shipments.

Geopolitical Risks and U.S. Sanctions

The U.S. has maintained a firm stance on sanctions, which have slashed Venezuela's oil exports by nearly half since 2024. These measures, targeting state-owned entities like PDVSA, have created legal and economic hurdles for foreign investors. For example, Chevron, the only U.S. company currently exporting Venezuelan crude, is owed billions in compensation for seized assets-a claim that may need resolution before it re-engages in large-scale investments. Similarly, BP and Shell have faced project freezes due to U.S. enforcement actions, complicating cross-border ventures like the Manakin-Cocuina gas field.

While the Trump administration has hinted at relaxing sanctions to attract U.S. capital, geopolitical uncertainties persist. Tensions with China and Russia, both of which maintain significant stakes in Venezuela's oil sector, could exacerbate market volatility. Additionally, Venezuela's $200 billion in sovereign and PDVSA debt requires a sanctions-compliant restructuring framework, a process that could delay long-term investment.

OPEC+ Dynamics and Global Market Implications

Venezuela's potential production recovery, though gradual, could influence global oil markets. OPEC+ assessments suggest that even modest output increases-such as a return to 1.3–1.4 million barrels per day within two years-would not disrupt current surplus conditions, given strong output from the U.S., OPEC+, and other producers. However, long-term gains could exert downward pressure on oil prices, particularly if global demand weakens. This scenario presents a dual-edged sword: while lower oil prices could benefit energy-dependent industries, they may also deter the high-cost investments required to revive Venezuela's sector.

Strategic Partnerships and Regional Implications

The post-Maduro era has also reshaped regional dynamics. The U.S. aims to reassert influence by redirecting Venezuela's heavy crude to Gulf Coast refineries, a move that could displace Chinese imports and strengthen Western hemisphere energy ties. Colombia, a neighboring country, stands to benefit economically from Venezuela's recovery, with potential growth in cross-border trade and infrastructure projects. However, geopolitical ripple effects extend beyond Latin America, with implications for Iran, Russia, and even Taiwan, as the U.S. leverages its military and economic power to reshape alliances.

Conclusion: Balancing Risks and Opportunities

For long-term investors, Venezuela's oil sector remains a high-stakes proposition. The potential to unlock vast reserves and access discounted crude is tempered by significant risks, including political instability, legal uncertainties, and the need for massive capital. While U.S. involvement offers a degree of policy clarity, the success of these efforts hinges on sustained infrastructure investment, sanctions relief, and geopolitical stability. Investors must also navigate the delicate balance between supporting Venezuela's recovery and mitigating exposure to a sector still reeling from decades of turmoil.

As the global energy landscape evolves, Venezuela's post-Maduro transition underscores the importance of strategic patience. Those willing to navigate the complexities of this market may find themselves positioned to capitalize on one of the most transformative energy opportunities of the decade-provided they can weather the volatility ahead.