El movimiento estratégico de China hacia las stablecoins respaldadas por yuanes y sus consecuencias para las finanzas globales

China's strategic pivot toward yuan-backed stablecoins represents a bold reimagining of its financial ambitions, positioning the Shanghai Free Trade Zone (FTZ) as a critical testbed for digital currency innovation. This shift, driven by the need to counter U.S. dollar dominance and accelerate the internationalization of the renminbi (RMB), has already triggered regulatory reforms, technological advancements, and cross-border partnerships. For investors, the Shanghai FTZ's role in this evolution offers a unique lens to assess both the potential and the risks of China's digital currency ambitions.

Shanghai FTZ: A Gateway to Financial Liberalization

The Shanghai FTZ has long been a cornerstone of China's efforts to align with global financial standards. In 2025, the zone launched an upgraded free trade account (FTA) system, streamlining cross-border transactions by eliminating prior approval requirements for many capital-account activities. This reform, announced by PBOC Governor Pan Gongsheng at the Lujiazui Forum, includes eight policy measures that enhance FTA functionality, enabling seamless fund transfers between domestic and overseas accounts. Institutions like HSBC China and Citibank (China) Co Ltd have already adopted these upgraded FTAs, underscoring the zone's role in facilitating multinational corporate operations.

The broader context is China's 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025), during which its 22 pilot FTZs achieved nearly 200 institutional innovations, including alignment with high-standard international trade rules like the CPTPP and DEPA. These reforms are expected to extend into the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026–2030), with the Shanghai FTZ leading efforts to liberalize financial services and improve cross-border capital flows.

Yuan-Backed Stablecoins: A New Frontier

China's foray into yuan-backed stablecoins marks a dramatic departure from its 2021 cryptocurrency ban. By authorizing stablecoins pegged 1:1 to the yuan, Beijing aims to create a viable alternative to dollar-backed stablecoins, which currently dominate 99% of the global market. Shanghai and Hong Kong are designated as pilot zones, with the latter enacting a Stablecoin Ordinance in August 2025 that mandates 100% reserve backing and real-time monitoring for CNH-pegged stablecoins.

Technically, these stablecoins are being developed on blockchain infrastructure capable of handling high-speed transactions. For instance, Conflux 3.0, a blockchain protocol, supports 15,000 transactions per second, enabling efficient cross-border settlements. Regulatory safeguards, however, remain stringent. The PBOC and State Council are imposing strict licensing requirements, geofenced redemption limits, and real-time reporting to mitigate risks like capital outflows and money laundering. These measures reflect a balance between innovation and control, ensuring the yuan-backed stablecoin ecosystem remains under centralized oversight while offering blockchain-driven efficiency.

Partnerships and Infrastructure Milestones

The Shanghai FTZ has emerged as a hub for public-private collaboration in this space. Government-backed blockchain networks like Conflux Network have partnered with fintech firms such as AnchorX and Eastcompeace Technology to develop CNH-pegged stablecoins for cross-border trade. These projects align with broader efforts to position Shanghai as a global digital finance center, including the establishment of an international operations center for the digital yuan (e-CNY) by June 2025.

A pivotal milestone in Q3 2025 was the launch of a digital yuan operations center in Shanghai, overseen by the PBOC. This center integrates cross-border payment systems, blockchain technology, and digital asset management platforms, further solidifying Shanghai's role in global digital finance. Meanwhile, state-owned entities like PetroChina are exploring yuan-backed stablecoins for cross-border oil transactions, signaling growing institutional adoption.

Economic Implications and Global Rivalry

The economic impact of yuan-backed stablecoins could be transformative. By facilitating direct yuan-based settlements, these stablecoins may reduce reliance on SWIFT and U.S. correspondent banking systems, particularly in trade corridors involving Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries. For instance, BRI partners in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America-markets with limited dollar liquidity-could benefit from lower transaction costs and faster settlements.

However, challenges persist. China's strict capital controls and the yuan's limited convertibility may hinder widespread adoption. Additionally, international scrutiny from the U.S. and its allies remains a risk, as Washington may view the yuan-backed stablecoin as a threat to dollar hegemony. Domestically, the coexistence of e-CNY and yuan-backed stablecoins requires careful regulatory calibration to avoid fragmentation.

Investment Potential and Risks

For investors, the Shanghai FTZ's initiatives present opportunities in blockchain infrastructure, compliance technology, and cross-border payment solutions. Market projections suggest the yuan-backed stablecoin sector could reach $2 trillion by 2028, driven by adoption in energy, infrastructure, and retail trade. Firms like Conflux and AnchorX, which are building the technical backbone of this ecosystem, are prime candidates for investment.

Yet, risks are significant. Regulatory shifts-such as the recent pause in Hong Kong by Chinese tech giants like Ant Group and JD.com-highlight the sector's volatility. Geopolitical tensions, particularly U.S. resistance to non-dollar currencies, could also disrupt momentum. Investors must also weigh the technical challenges of scaling blockchain infrastructure while adhering to China's stringent compliance frameworks.

Conclusion

China's strategic push into yuan-backed stablecoins, anchored by the Shanghai FTZ, represents a calculated bid to reshape global finance. While the initiative faces regulatory, technical, and geopolitical hurdles, its potential to challenge dollar dominance and expand the yuan's reach is undeniable. For investors, the FTZ's role as a testbed offers a glimpse into a future where digital currencies redefine cross-border trade-and where China's financial ambitions collide with the realities of a multipolar world.