Riesgos de seguridad y gobernanza de la cadena de bloques en los ecosistemas de DeFi: Evaluación de la viabilidad de la inversión a largo plazo después de la crisis

The decentralized finance (DeFi) sector, once hailed as the future of open financial systems, has faced a reckoning in recent years. Between 2023 and 2025, a wave of high-profile security breaches and governance failures has exposed critical vulnerabilities in blockchain protocols, shaking investor confidence and raising urgent questions about the long-term sustainability of DeFi platforms. For investors, the challenge lies in distinguishing resilient protocols from those doomed by systemic flaws. This analysis examines key case studies, evaluates the economic and operational fallout, and outlines a framework for assessing post-crisis viability in the DeFi space.

The Evolution of DeFi Security Threats

The DeFi landscape has become a prime target for attackers, with losses escalating dramatically. According to a report by Halborn, over $2.7 billion was stolen in crypto hacks in 2025 alone, with North Korea orchestrating more than half of these incidents through infrastructure attacks on centralized exchanges and custodial services. This marks a strategic shift from earlier exploits targeting cross-chain bridges, underscoring the adaptability of malicious actors.

One of the most illustrative cases is the Cetus Protocol hack on the Sui blockchain in May 2025. A flaw in the protocol's pricing logic allowed attackers to drain $220 million without triggering alarms. This incident highlights a critical oversight: while smart contract audits are standard practice, many protocols neglect rigorous economic modeling to test how their systems behave under extreme conditions. As stated by How2Lab, such "economic design flaws" are now as dangerous as code vulnerabilities.

Governance Failures: The Human Element

Governance vulnerabilities have further compounded the crisis. In 2024, 5.6% of DeFi attacks exploited governance mechanisms, revealing weaknesses in decentralized decision-making processes. The Munchables exploit in March 2024 exemplifies this risk. A rogue developer manipulated a proxy contract to inflate their token balance, siphoning $62.5 million. This attack exposed the dangers of insufficient developer vetting and the absence of immutable contracts-a lesson that resonates deeply in an ecosystem built on trustlessness.

Similarly, Hedgey Finance fell victim to a flash loan attack in April 2024 due to inadequate input validation according to audit findings. Attackers exploited token approvals and leveraged flash loans to bypass safeguards, draining $44.7 million. These cases underscore a recurring theme: even protocols with robust code can fail when governance frameworks lack real-time monitoring or fail to enforce strict input validation.

Post-Crisis Viability: Lessons from Recovery Efforts

The aftermath of these breaches has varied. Thala Labs, which suffered a $25.5 million loss in November 2024 due to a farming contract vulnerability, managed to recover a portion of stolen funds through a well-executed incident response plan. This partial success demonstrates that protocols with contingency strategies can mitigate long-term damage. However, the broader economic impact remains severe: direct losses from 2023–2025 exceed $10 billion, with indirect market capitalization losses surpassing $1.3 billion.

Investors must scrutinize how protocols respond to crises. For instance, Cetus and Munchables saw sharp declines in total value locked (TVL) and token prices post-attack according to audit reports, eroding user trust. Protocols that fail to rebuild transparency-through public audits, community governance reforms, or insurance mechanisms-risk permanent obsolescence.

A Framework for Assessing Long-Term Viability

For DeFi protocols to survive post-crisis, they must address three pillars:
1. Security Audits and Economic Modeling: Continuous code audits are insufficient if protocols ignore economic edge cases. The Cetus hack and Thala Labs breach according to audit findings both stemmed from untested assumptions about market behavior.
2. Immutable Governance: Munchables' exploit and Hedgey Finance's flash loan attack highlight the need for immutable contracts and multi-party governance structures to prevent unilateral changes.
3. Real-Time Monitoring: Protocols must deploy tools to detect anomalous transactions instantly. The lack of such safeguards in 2024 attacks allowed hackers to operate undetected for hours.

Investors should prioritize projects that demonstrate a commitment to these principles. For example, protocols adopting formal verification methods or integrating with decentralized insurance pools (e.g., Nexus Mutual) may offer better risk-adjusted returns. Conversely, platforms with opaque governance or a history of developer overreach warrant caution.

Conclusion: The Road Ahead

The DeFi ecosystem stands at a crossroads. While the 2023–2025 crisis has exposed profound weaknesses, it has also catalyzed innovation in security and governance. Protocols that treat security as a continuous process-rather than a one-time audit-will likely dominate the next phase of DeFi's evolution. For investors, the key is to separate the resilient from the fragile by evaluating not just technical robustness, but also a project's culture of transparency and adaptability.

As the sector matures, the mantra "code is law" must evolve to include "process is law." The future of DeFi depends on it.