Establecoins emitidas por bancos y la ley GENIUS: una nueva era de liquidez digital

The U.S. financial system is undergoing a seismic shift as the GENIUS Act of 2025-formally the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act-creates a federal framework for payment stablecoins. This legislation, signed into law by President Donald J. Trump on July 18, 2025, has redefined the role of banks and fintechs in the digital asset ecosystem, offering a structured path for institutions to issue FDIC-backed stablecoins while addressing systemic risks according to the White House. For investors, the act represents a pivotal moment: it not only legitimizes stablecoins as a tool for digital liquidity but also opens new revenue streams for financial institutions. However, the investment potential must be weighed against regulatory nuances, market dynamics, and inherent risks.

The GENIUS Act: A Regulatory Framework for Stability

The GENIUS Act mandates a 1:1 reserve ratio using U.S. dollars, short-term Treasuries, or central bank deposits. This requirement, designed to prevent crises like the Terra/Luna collapse, ensures stablecoins remain redeemable at par. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) oversees the approval process, requiring detailed plans including ownership structures and engagement letters with auditors. Crucially, stablecoin holders now have priority claims in insolvency proceedings, aligning their protections with traditional depositors.

The act also clarifies that stablecoins are not securities, reducing regulatory ambiguity for issuers. However, compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering (AML) protocols remains mandatory as required by Congress. This dual focus on innovation and oversight has positioned the U.S. as a global leader in stablecoin regulation, with the Treasury Department emphasizing its role in bolstering the dollar's dominance as a reserve currency according to White House statements.

Financial Institutions: From Hesitation to Adoption

Major banks and fintechs are rapidly adapting to the new framework. JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, and Citigroup have announced plans to launch stablecoin subsidiaries, leveraging their existing infrastructure to offer digital payment solutions. Smaller institutions, such as community banks, are exploring partnerships with platforms like Circle's USDC to access the market without building in-house capabilities according to Grant Thornton. Non-bank entities like PayPal and Ethena have also expanded their offerings, often integrating yield-bearing products through crypto exchanges as noted by Grant Thornton.

The FDIC's guidance has further incentivized adoption by affirming that supervised institutions can engage in crypto-related activities without prior approval, provided they manage risks appropriately. This flexibility has spurred innovation, with banks experimenting with cross-border payments, tokenized assets, and decentralized finance (DeFi) integrations according to Georgetown Law.

Market Impact and Growth Projections

The market impact of the GENIUS Act is already evident. Stablecoin transaction volumes have surpassed those of traditional payment networks like Visa and Mastercard, with daily settlements reaching over $100 billion according to the Federal Reserve. Analysts project the stablecoin market capitalization to grow to between $1.9 trillion and $4 trillion by 2030, driven by institutional adoption and global demand for efficient, low-cost transactions according to Trmlabs.

However, challenges persist. Unlike bank deposits, stablecoins are not federally insured, and issuers lack access to central bank liquidity facilities as reported by the Federal Reserve. This creates vulnerabilities during redemption surges, as seen in past stablecoin collapses. Additionally, the act's prohibition on interest-bearing stablecoins-despite indirect workarounds through DeFi platforms-has sparked debates about consumer behavior and risk misperception according to BPI.

Investment Potential: Opportunities and Risks

For investors, the GENIUS Act presents a duality of opportunity and caution. On one hand, early adopters-such as banks with robust risk management frameworks-stand to capture market share in digital payments and attract tech-savvy clients. On the other, the lack of federal insurance and potential regulatory shifts including proposed FDIC rules introduce volatility.

Key investment considerations include:
1. Institutional Preparedness: Banks with existing crypto infrastructure (e.g., JPMorgan's Onyx platform) are better positioned to scale stablecoin operations according to Treasury XL.
2. Regulatory Evolution: The FDIC's upcoming rules on liquidity and capital requirements could reshape margins for issuers as proposed in the FDIC announcement.
3. Market Competition: Non-bank players like Circle and PayPal may outpace traditional banks in innovation, forcing incumbents to adapt quickly according to Grant Thornton.

Conclusion: A New Frontier for Digital Liquidity

The GENIUS Act has catalyzed a paradigm shift in how financial institutions approach digital assets. By balancing innovation with stability, the framework addresses historical risks while unlocking new avenues for growth. For investors, the key lies in identifying institutions that can navigate regulatory complexity, scale efficiently, and differentiate themselves in a crowded market. As the FDIC finalizes its rules and the market matures, the next 12–18 months will be critical in determining which players emerge as leaders-and which falter under the weight of their own ambition.