How did Salesforce's tax expenses change over time?

Salesforce's tax expenses have shown a general upward trend over the past five years, with some fluctuations. Here's a detailed analysis:

1. **Growth Trend**: The tax expenses for Salesforce have increased from $0 in 2020 to $4.72 billion in 2024. This indicates a general upward trajectory in the company's tax liabilities.
2. **Yearly Variations**: There are variations in tax expenses within individual years. For instance, there is a significant increase from $0.78 billion in 2021 to $2.71 billion in 2022. However, there is a slight decrease from $2.71 billion in 2022 to $2.16 billion in 2023.
3. **Quarterly Fluctuations**: Within quarters, there are fluctuations as well. For example, the tax expense for Q4 2024 is $1.89 billion, which is higher than the $1.68 billion for Q3 2024.
4. **Stability**: Despite the fluctuations, the company has managed to maintain a relatively stable tax expense profile, which is a positive sign for its financial health and its ability to manage its tax obligations.