What explains the fluctuation in Linde's other item expenses during 2022-2024?

Linde's other non-operating expenses decreased from €159.3 million in 2022 to €139.9 million in 2023, and then increased to €147.4 million in 2024:

The fluctuation in Linde's other non-operating expenses can be attributed to several factors:

1. **Foreign Exchange Movements**: Linde operates in multiple currencies, and fluctuations in exchange rates can significantly impact the value of these transactions. For example, a strengthening of the euro relative to other currencies could lead to lower translation losses when consolidating foreign operations, contributing to the decrease in non-operating expenses in 2023.
2. **Interest Income and Expenses**: Changes in interest rates and the amount of cash and short-term investments held can affect the interest income and expenses recognized in the financial statements. If Linde experienced changes in interest rates or cash balances during this period, it could have influenced the non-operating expenses.
3. **Impairments and Provisions**: Companies periodically review their assets and liabilities for signs of impairment or the need for provisions. Changes in these assessments could lead to fluctuations in non-operating expenses. For instance, if Linde reassessed its provisions for warranties or other liabilities and found no additional requirements, this could have reduced the non-operating expenses.
4. **Other Items**: The category of other non-operating expenses includes various items that are not directly related to Linde's core operations, such as gains or losses on the sale of assets, changes in pension liabilities, or one-off items. These items can be volatile from year to year, contributing to the observed fluctuations.

In summary, the fluctuation in Linde's other non-operating expenses from 2022 to 2024 is likely a result of a combination of factors including foreign exchange movements, interest income and expenses, impairments and provisions, and other miscellaneous items.