What explains the fluctuating R&D expenses trend?

The fluctuating trend in R&D expenses can be attributed to several factors:

1. **Company Performance and Market Conditions**: Companies like NovAccess Global Inc. have shown fluctuating R&D expenses due to changes in their business focus and market conditions. For instance, NovAccess Global Inc. transitioned from solar contracting to the commercialization of developmental healthcare solutions, which likely affected its R&D spending.
2. **Size and Complexity of Projects**: The scale and complexity of R&D projects can influence spending. Larger, more complex projects may require higher R&D expenses, which can fluctuate based on project timelines and milestones.
3. **Strategic Priorities**: Companies may adjust their R&D spending based on strategic priorities. For example, a company may increase R&D expenses to develop new products or technologies that align with its growth strategy.
4. **Economic Conditions**: Economic conditions can impact a company's ability to invest in R&D. During economic downturns, companies may cut back on R&D spending due to financial constraints, while during economic upturns, they may increase spending to capitalize on growth opportunities.
5. **Regulatory Environment**: Changes in the regulatory environment can affect R&D spending. Companies may need to invest more in R&D to comply with new regulations or to develop products that meet new standards.
6. **Competitive Landscape**: The competitive landscape can influence R&D spending. Companies may need to invest more in R&D to stay ahead of competitors or to counteract investments by competitors.

In conclusion, the fluctuating trend in R&D expenses is influenced by a combination of factors including company performance, market conditions, project complexity, strategic priorities, economic conditions, regulatory environment, and competitive landscape. These factors can cause R&D expenses to increase or decrease over time.