What were the key factors behind Linde's revenue cost reduction in 2023?

Linde's revenue cost reduction in 2023 can be attributed to several key factors: 1. **Cost Management Initiatives**: Linde has implemented cost management initiatives that have led to a reduction in the cost of goods sold. This indicates a strategic focus on optimizing operational efficiencies and controlling costs. 2. **Pricing Strategy**: The company's pricing strategy has contributed to margin expansion and strong earnings growth expected in FY24. This suggests that Linde has been successful in passing on price increases to customers, which has improved its profit margins. 3. **Productivity Initiatives**: Linde has continued productivity initiatives across all segments, which have led to a rise in adjusted operating profit. These initiatives likely include improvements in manufacturing processes, reducing waste, and enhancing operational efficiency, all of which can lead to cost savings. 4. **Investment in Clean Energy Projects**: Linde plans to spend $7 billion to $9 billion over the next 2-3 years in clean energy projects. While these investments may initially lead to increased costs, they are likely to result in long-term cost savings and new revenue streams from sustainable energy solutions. In summary, Linde's revenue cost reduction in 2023 can be attributed to a combination of cost management initiatives, pricing strategy, productivity initiatives, and investment in clean energy projects. These factors have allowed the company to reduce costs while maintaining and improving its profitability.